Self-Rated Competency Essay -- Language

As of 2000, 96% of Hmong households reported Hmong (L1) as the primary spoken language at home with English (L2) not being introduced to a child until later in their development (Reeves & Bennett, 2004). Upon entering school, Hmong children progress into sequential bilingual speakers where L2 is introduced after L1 is already well established. Bilingualism is frequently stated as the use of two or more languages by an individual (ASHA, 2004). Two of the most common types of bilingualism include coincident bilingualism (acquisition of both languages occur early on from birth) and sequential bilingualism (exposure to the second language occurs after the first language is already established, usually after 3 years of age). A potential consequence of second-language acquisition is a process called language loss or language attrition. Language attrition is defined as a process where a person may loose his/her ability to speak, write, read, and/or understand a particular language or dialect due to a lack of use or exposure (ASHA, 2004). Studies that involve young immigrants in the United States found that younger immigrants were more likely to switch language potency for L1 to L2 and were more likely to rate L2 fluency higher (Jia et al, 2002 Shi, 2011). Several studies have demonstrated that sequential bilingual speakers can provide valid self-ratings of competency in L2 and the variables or factors that could affect L2 competency (Shi, 2011 Westermeyer & Her, 1996 Jia et al, 2002). The following three studies provide further evidence of the correlation of using subjective (self-rating) and objective measures to examine receptive and communicative competency in L1 and L2. Westermeyer and Her (1996) conducted a longit... ...istically appropriate services Knowledge and Skills. Available from www.asha.org/policy. Jia, G., Aaronson, D., & Wu, Y. (2002). Long-term language attainment of bilingual immigrants Predicative variables and language group differ ences. Applied Psycholinguistics, 23, 599 621.Reeves, T. J. & Bennett, C. E. (2004). We the the great unwashed Asians in the United States. United States Consensus 2000. Shi, L. (2011). How proficient is proficient? Subjective proficiency as a predictor of bilingual listeners recognition of English words. American journal of Audiology serial online. June 2011 20(1) 19 32. Available from Education Full Text (H.W. Wilson), Ipswich, MA. Westermeyer, J., & Her, C. (1996). Predictors of English fluency among Hmong refugees in Minnesota A longitudinal study. Cultural Diversity and intellectual Health, 2(2), 125 132.

Comparing the Struggle Depicted in The Color Purple and Desiree’s Baby :: comparison compare contrast essays

The Struggle as Depicted in The wring Purple and Desirees Baby The Color Purple written by Alice Walker and Kate Chopins Desirees Baby, were written during different times closes yet there are many similarities on how the women struggled. some(prenominal) stories depict women who experienced hardship, and through out it all they continued to immortalise unconditional love. In the two stories they have instances dealing with children that are quite similar. It goes to show that novels can span totally different time periods and still could discuss the same things. The unconditional love within families can be enough at times to keep people going during the hard times that they experience. This holds true between sisters. In The Color Purple Nettie and Cellies unconditional love for one another(prenominal) helped them deal with the troubles they both faced. There unconditional love was shown through Cellies relentless writing hoping that one of her letters would need through. At no shoot did she ever give up. This love helped Nettie live with her verbally and physically abusive save, Albert. Desiree on the other hand not being blood related to the women she called her bring forth Madame Valmonde still had a tremendous amount of love for her. When Desirees husband told her to leave her mother said to her, Come home to Valmonde back to your mother who loves you. This is showing that it doesnt take blood to create a strong bond and that no matter what unconditional love will always help you get through hard times. During the different times that both stories were written the way that African Americans were treated were quite similar. Back in 1909 when The Color Purple took enthrone it was before woman were really seen as what they are and they were just figured to be a caretaker and a maid. The fact that Nettie was black didnt help because she was considered to be dumb while in fact she was intelligent. During her years when she was married to Albert she with a little help of her sister Cellie learned how to read. Slavery was taking place during the period Desirees baby was written in. It was a horrible thing to be African American and a woman during that time. When it was thought that Desiree was an African American her husband shunned her and wanted nothing to do with her.

An Analysis of Ode to the West Wind Essay -- Ode to the West Wind Essa

An Analysis of Ode to the West Wind Shelleys Ode to the West Wind appears more complex at first than it really is because the metrical composition is structured much like a long, complex sentence in which the main clause does not appear until the last of five quadteen air sections. The poems main estimation is held in suspension for 56 lines before the reader sees exactly what Shelley is saying to the westbound wind, and why hes saying it. In the first four sections Shelley addresses the west wind in three different ways, each one evoking the winds power and beauty. And each section ends with Shelley asking the West Wind to hear, oh hear The readers wonder is therefore both aroused and suspended, because we know the west wind is supposed to hear something, but we arent told what the wind is suposed to hear or is supposed to do. The first stanza develops the idea of the west winds effect on the autumn leaves. The associations we automatically make with autumn&emdashthe end of th e year, the death of the years life, the onset of winter&emdashare important, but just as important are other life-giving aspects of the winds power. Shelley tells us that the wind not only blows the Yellow, and black, and pale, and hectic red,/ Pestilence-stricken multitudes (4, 5) of autumn leaves, but also Chariotest to their dark and wintry grapple/ The wingd seeds (6, 7) which will lie dormant through appear the winter until the spring breezes&emdash Thine azure sister of the spring (9)&emdashblow over the landscape to wake up the life in them. The west wind drives dead leaves, but also scatters the seeds that will later give the world new life. This life-giving aspect of the west wind seems significant, but the reader cannot quite see yet why Shel... ...he minds of his readers. But the readers are hard to reach, unresponsive. It can seem to a poet struggling for an audience, as Shelley did, that winter was coming. It took a lot of faith to believe that spring would follow. The west wind is a revivifying force, something that can (metaphorically if not literally) drive his poetry forward to a new birth in whatever spring lies ahead If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind? (70) It is the poets plea for a conversion of energy. We dont know for certain that the poets energy has been sapped by the struggle to make his voice heard, but we know for much of Shelleys career he did struggle with the depressing picture that no one was reading him. In any event, this powerful natural force becomes for Shelley a symbol of a power that can drive out the years death, his deep depression, and plant the seeds for a rebirth.

Virus Among the Navajo :: Native Americans Influenza Essays

Virus Among the NavajoMedical investigators, such as myself, have not given a capacious deal of attention to the medical traditions of indigenous groups in the past. But the outcomes of the recent investigation that took place in The Four Corners area exemplify our need to call up age-old notions right along with the ecological history of the region in question. A few months ago, the New Mexico Department of Health notified my department (Office of Medical Investigations) that trinity young and healthy adults from the Navajo Nation had died of a sudden respiratory illness. Their symptoms had been the similar fever, chills, muscle aches, nausea and vomiting, and abdominal pain, followed by coughing and shortness of breath, then the precipitate onset of respiratory distress which is usually fatal (KCPH). Our first inclination was to look at diseases that are known to affect the Navajo specifically, such as bubonic plague, influenza, and viral pneumonia. However, laboratory res ults indicated that these diseases had not caused the deaths, nor had toxic chemicals. Furthermore, the perplexing disease had begun to take the lives of non-Navajo people living near the reservation (AMNH). By the end of May the deep deaths had attracted significant media attention. I remember seeing the headline Mystery Illness Kills 10 on Reservation in the Sun-Sentinel while I was conducting interviews there. Without knowledge of a possible cause, our department, and several(prenominal)(prenominal) other agencies, began an intense investigation. Samples of tissue from patients infected with the orphic disease were sent to the CDC Special Pathogens Branch for analysis. After a few weeks and several tests, the virologists linked the disease with an unknown type of hantavirus. Because other hantaviruses were known to be transmitted to people by inhalation or ingestion of rodent ordure or urine, our next task was to collect as many species of rodent in the area as possible in order to pinpoint the get-go of the virus (AMNH). While trapping rodents, we decided that it was worth the risk to not wear protective clothing or masks so as to avoid fearful residents of The Four Corners region (CDC). After testing approximately 1,700 rodents we had found a link--the prevalent deer pussyfoot carried the unknown type of hantavirus. But wherefore was this black eye suddenly infecting people in this region? I was becoming frustrated, my years of work in medicine were failing me and I couldnt figure out wherefore these people kept getting sick.Virus Among the Navajo Native Americans Influenza EssaysVirus Among the NavajoMedical investigators, such as myself, have not given a wide deal of attention to the medical traditions of indigenous groups in the past. But the outcomes of the recent investigation that took place in The Four Corners area exemplify our need to look age-old notions right along with the ecological history of the region in question. A few months ago, the New Mexico Department of Health notified my department (Office of Medical Investigations) that ternary young and healthy adults from the Navajo Nation had died of a sudden respiratory illness. Their symptoms had been the similar fever, chills, muscle aches, nausea and vomiting, and abdominal pain, followed by coughing and shortness of breath, then the incisive onset of respiratory distress which is usually fatal (KCPH). Our first inclination was to look at diseases that are known to affect the Navajo specifically, such as bubonic plague, influenza, and viral pneumonia. However, laboratory results indicated that these diseases had not caused the deaths, nor had toxic chemicals. Furthermore, the perplexing disease had begun to take the lives of non-Navajo people living near the reservation (AMNH). By the end of May the mysterious deaths had attracted significant media attention. I remember seeing the headline Mystery Illness Kills 10 on Reservation in t he Sun-Sentinel while I was conducting interviews there. Without knowledge of a possible cause, our department, and several other agencies, began an intense investigation. Samples of tissue from patients infected with the mysterious disease were sent to the CDC Special Pathogens Branch for analysis. After a few weeks and several tests, the virologists linked the disease with an unknown type of hantavirus. Because other hantaviruses were known to be transmitted to people by inhalation or ingestion of rodent ordure or urine, our next task was to collect as many species of rodent in the area as possible in order to pinpoint the radical of the virus (AMNH). While trapping rodents, we decided that it was worth the risk to not wear protective clothing or masks so as to avoid dire residents of The Four Corners region (CDC). After testing approximately 1,700 rodents we had found a link--the prevalent deer mouse carried the unknown type of hantavirus. But why was this mouse suddenly infecting people in this region? I was becoming frustrated, my years of work in medicine were failing me and I couldnt figure out why these people kept getting sick.

Origin Of Sony Essay -- Sony Corporation

Founded by Masaru Ibuka and Akio Morita in 1958, the Sony Corporation has come a long way since its first transistor radios. Being innovative thinkers, the founders realized a guide for a global brand with mass appeal. Hence, as the company grew, it was simply logical to establish production facilities in their respective regions. Since its inception, very few thrust been able to match Sonys track record for invention and innovation. These include the first Trinitron color television (1968), the color video-cadditionte (1971), the renowned Walkman (1979), the worlds first CD player (1982), the 3.5-inch diskette disk (1989) and many others.THE GUIDING VISION The origin of Sony goes way back to May 1946. Back then, its original shout was Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo K.K. (Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Corporation). The founders, Masaru Ibuka and Akio Morita, wanted a name that can be easily remembered by the world. This was essential to achieve success in the global market. Their vis ion was for Sony to become an endearing household name across the globe. With this in mind, Morita came up with the term global localization in 1988. He said, In this day and age, many companies are pursuing globalization, but instead, we should move ahead with a policy of global localization, meaning that we set down roots and truly become an integ rund member of the local community. Sonys mission is to establish an ideal factory that puts tenseness on the spirit of freedom and open-mindedness. A place where designers and engineers can work out their creative and technological skills to the highest potential. THE ESSENCE OF SONY Sonys assets are neither its buildings, nor its land. Sonys greatest asset is the image of the four letters S-O-... ...sed MMU seems to be a custom effort by Sony and has no integrated memory. Both CPUs contain 16KiB of two-way set associable instruction cache and data cache respectively. There is additionally 16KiB of scratchpad RAM which, while faster than main RAM, is not nearly as fast as the integrated cache.The 166 MHz graphics chip has 2 MiB embedded memory and through its 512 art object interface provides hardware polygon and NURBS rendering, hardware directional lighting, clipping, surround projection and texture mapping, texture compression and tessellation , fogging, alpha blending, depth and stencil tests, vertex blending for morphing effects, and dithering, all in 16 or 24 bit color. The graphics chip also handles image output. Specifications state that the PSP is capable of rendering 33 million flat-shaded polygons per second, with a 664 million pixel per second fill rate

Origin Of Sony Essay -- Sony Corporation

Founded by Masaru Ibuka and Akio Morita in 1958, the Sony Corporation has come a bulky way since its send-off transistor radios. Being innovative thinkers, the founders realized a need for a global brand with mass appeal. Hence, as the company grew, it was only logical to establish production facilities in their respective regions. Since its inception, very few have been able to match Sonys track record for invention and innovation. These include the first Trinitron color television (1968), the color video-cassette (1971), the renowned Walkman (1979), the worlds first CD player (1982), the 3.5-inch floppy disk (1989) and many others.THE GUIDING VISION The origin of Sony goes way masking to May 1946. Back then, its original name was Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo K.K. (Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Corporation). The founders, Masaru Ibuka and Akio Morita, wanted a name that can be easily remembered by the world. This was essential to reach success in the global market. Their vision w as for Sony to become an endearing household name across the globe. With this in mind, Morita came up with the term global localization in 1988. He said, In this day and age, many companies are pursuing globalization, but instead, we should move ahead with a policy of global localization, meaning that we set down roots and unfeignedly become an integrated member of the local community. Sonys mission is to establish an ideal factory that puts emphasis on the spirit of freedom and open-mindedness. A place where designers and engineers can gain out their creative and technological skills to the highest potential. THE ESSENCE OF SONY Sonys assets are neither its buildings, nor its land. Sonys greatest asset is the image of the four letters S-O-... ...sed MMU seems to be a custom safari by Sony and has no integrated keeping. Both CPUs contain 16KiB of two-way set associative instruction cache and data cache respectively. There is additionally 16KiB of scratchpad repulse which, whil e faster than main RAM, is not nearly as fast as the integrated cache.The 166 MHz graphics chip has 2 MiB embedded memory and through its 512 bit interface provides hardware polygon and NURBS interpretation, hardware directional lighting, clipping, environment projection and texture mapping, texture compression and tessellation , fogging, alpha blending, depth and stencil tests, vertex blending for morphing effects, and dithering, all in 16 or 24 bit color. The graphics chip also handles image output. Specifications state that the PSP is capable of rendering 33 million flat-shaded polygons per second, with a 664 million pixel per second fill rate

Both ‘Of Mice And Men’ and ‘The Mayor Of Casterbridge’ end in Tragedy Essay

Both Of Mice And Men and The mayor Of Casterbridge end in Tragedy. In what ways and to what finish do the characters in the novels contribute to their take downfall? Discuss the importance of dreamsIn this essay I intend to explore the ways in which all(prenominal) main protagonist contributes to their own downfall. Both Michael Henchard and Lennie Small were the main focus in each novel, and both had a major dream, this was obvious from the step to the foreset. As rise as dreams, I moot that fate had a large role to play in both the novels. It known that Thomas uncompromising already explored the supposition of fate and wrote this.It is non the improbabilities of incident that matter, but the improbabilities of character that matter.He explains in this quote that the fate of that person is what changes future occurrences, and that this is the all overriding accompanimentor. I believe that bodacious in particular used these ideas in his novel, I will explore fully wheth er Steinbeck used these ideas aswell.Steinbecks novel was set in the great depression, and this is evident throughout the story. And is set at a time when The Great American Dream was prevalent in society, Lennies dreams represent those of the American reality at the time. Lennies major dream is not only to own a ranch in the country, but to tend rabbits in the garden.Id wisht wed get the rabbits pretty soonLennies dream is very simple. This is for a variety of reasons. The main unrivalled being that he is rationally handicapped, and knew not of what conduct could stool for him. In contrast to this, The Mayor of Casterbridge offers a more than complex view to a dream. The chapter when Henchard sells to wife to the sailor makes Henchard make a solemn vow to never drink again, and also to make something better of himself. This is his dream. A difference between the two novels is that Henchards dream is realised whereas Lennies is not. Henchard manages to relieve himself of alcoh ol for twenty- sensation years and sprains The Mayor of Casterbridge.Lennie on the other hand has an unrealistic aim in life to own the rabbits in such a state was unreachable. We can look at many downfalls. I feel that the major contribution is the death of the main woman in each novel. Lennie kills Curleys wife, who remains nameless throughout the novel, in a panic. Her death at mavin time drives to Lennies death. Whereas Henchards death is a slow gradual process caused for many reasons affecting him. It is however similar in the way that both protagonists cause or contribute to the two womens deaths.Lennie was in a panic. His face was contorted, she screamed then, and Lennies hand closed over her mouth and nose.Lennies lack of control of himself was directly responsible for his death. Henchard died because of a death also, this time a seizure to his love Lucetta, which was also involving Henchard. Lucettas death was the final blow to Henchards deteriorating life.Tis me, A pr omotion a scandal an effigy of me, and himLucetta and Henchard already had a relationship out front their second encounter in Casterbridge. This where the idea of fate is introduced. It was this earlier encounter that persuaded Henchard to take an interest in Lucetta. I believe that this was fate, and Hardy suggests this very strongly. It is easy to mix fate with irony and I believe that this is relevant to Of Mice and Men. I believe that the coincidental meeting of Curleys wife and Lennie can be related to the encounter of Lucetta and Henchard.I also believe that this is Steinbeck using dramatic irony and not him exploring fate. We can also look at the style of each novelist. Thomas Hardy goes into great detail in all of the evets in the book, and includes very much deeper descriptions of happenings within the novel. He also explored many more with ideas to do with fate. In contrast to this, Steinbecks style contains fewer descriptive sentences, and tells things equivalent t hey are, In fact he originally named the novel .. The book is also far shorter and has less space to analyse situations in as much detail as Hardy does.In each case, there was deciding factor that sped up the rate of their downfall. It was Lennies lack of ability to control his temperament, which, when provoked could lead to him causing unnameable injury to his opponent as it were in Curleys case. George however held the ability to counteract Lennies temper.Leggo his hand Lennie, Leggo Suddenly Lennie let go his hand.Lennies inability to take himself from his panicked state of mind by himself causes Curleys wifes death, and his own demise. The Factor that sped up Henchards downfall was when the townspeople of Casterbridge found out more or less his drunkard by. As the old Furmity woman told the townspeople everything while being at a trial which Henchard was acting as judge. Henchard could only find out with the womans phrases, and try and cope with the lack of admire that w as placed by the townspeople.The obvious main downfall of Lennie was that he killed a Curleys wife, even though it was not what he meant to do, while in The Mayor of Casterbridge, the obvious main contributor to Henchards down fall was his terrible past. From the exact atomic number 42 when the townspeople found out he had sold his wife and daughter in a drunken rage, they lost all trust in him, and his report card was left in shatters. In Of Mice and Men, Lennies great strength causes him problems, as he uses it in the wrong way. In Weed the town he had worked in before, he had been hunted down for molesting a woman, but all he was doing was petting her dress because it felt good to him. When she tried to get away he petted harder and became panicked and angry, luckily for her she did manage to escape his innocent grasp and luckily for Lennie and George they managed to escape the ranch workersAn you aint gonna do no worst things like you did in Weed, neitherThey run us outa Weed Lennie also forgets the painful things he has done in the past. George had to remind that he had done a bad thing in Weed, so any anger or panic that he has is soon forgotten. When Curleys wife walked in to talk to him, just before her death, he had just accidentally killed his puppy. All the panic and anger was still in his mind when she walked in, so when he started petting her hair and she wanted him to stop. He was panicking even more than he would have been, as a direct result of the frustration of killing the puppy. So the death of the dog being so close to when he was panicking over Curleys wifes hair, contributes to the panic and anger, which caused him to kill her, and cause his own demise. Yet again we find out that Lennies mental state and how he loves to pet things contributes to his downfall, it is also his strength that kills the puppy itself. However in The Mayor of Casterbridge it is not Henchards strength that is a problem, but his close to hire Donald Farfrae, wh o was on his way to America.Henchard quickly changed his mind and employed him, as he was an excellent businessman. The rewards of his work soon came through, but after(prenominal) Henchards past was brought to public attention, the townspeople looked to Farfrae to become Mayor and gain their trust. If Henchard had not employed Farfrae, then the townspeople would have no one to look to place their trust and respect. So by employing Farfrae he had given himself an enemy, without him the townspeople would not have found a better man than Henchard to be Mayor.When Susan and Elizabeth Jane return to Weydon-Priors, and ask the furmity woman if she knows where Michael Henchard went after he sold them in the drunken auction, this conversation leads to Henchards past leaking out. As it is ironic how at this point she does not know much about his whereabouts or stature, but soon she causes him to lose his reputation and position within Casterbridge. If Susan had stayed with the sailor Newso n and not tried to find Henchard, then his past may have stayed inexplicable for a longer time if not forever. So what seemed to be a good event to Henchard did indeed come at the price of revealing his past, which lead to his tragedyAnother one of Lennies downfalls is inability to stand up for himself. This is illustrated by George and the way he stands up for him in front of any with authority.Well, I never seen one guy take so much trouble for another guy. I just like to know what your interest isI believe that Georges Commandment over Lennie disables Lennies right to stand up for himself, thus leading to Lennies inability to stand up to Curly which is also one of his downfalls. A comparison to this can be made to The Mayor of Casterbridge in the way that Farfraes superiority cripples Henchard. This is true even though Farfrae holds great respect for Henchard at the beginning much like George does for Lennie.In Of Mice and Men, the character Candy gave Lennie and George false ho pe as they dreamed to work on and own their own ranch, Candy offered to pay a great deal of money towards it. The reason for doing this was that his dog was shot because it was too old to work, and he feared that the same fate was to be given to him. He tried to counteract this fate by taking part in what he had already called an unrealistic dream.Every damn one of ems got a little piece of land in his head. An never a God damn one of em ever gets it.This seemed to be his only way out of the situation. This false hope gave George less money to earn to accomplish his dream and so less working time on Curleys dads ranch, he also gave Lennie more freedom and didnt watch him as closely as he should have. As one day when out Lennie almost killed Crooks, the stable buck, because he said something bad concerning George. This is how fragile Lennies temperament was, and so George should have been more responsible and watched him closely, if he had Curleys wife would not have died, as George would have been there to stop it happening.Lennie is so dependent on Georges every word that he cannot do anything without Georges approval. Henchard tells Elizabeth Jane that she is his daughter, which he knows not to be true, as Susan had told him this in a letter after she had died. Having Elizabeth Jane believing this meant that she was more affectionate towards him, and tried to progress over his love as her father. Unfortunately while mourning at her mothers grave she met Lucetta, who employed her, and also tried to restart the past relationship with Henchard. If Elizabeth Jane had not met Lucetta then Lucetta would not have met Henchard again, meaning that she would not have died and caused more tragedy in Henchards life.Henchard then ran into Newson the sailor, who was Elizabeth Janes father, and told him that she was dead. The offense of telling this lies hung over him, and by this time he was bankrupt, Lucetta was dead, Susan was dead, and he had almost lost Elizabeth Ja ne. This guilt becomes much worse as on Farfrae and Elizabeth Janes hymeneals day Newson is there and has told her the truth about which her father was. Michael having been on bad terms with her anyway, realises what has happened, so instead of trying to make peace with her he leaves. In Of Mice and Men Lennie shows no guilt in killing Curleys wife as after he has done it all he cares about is not that he has just killed someone, but that he wont be able to tend to his rabbits anymoreGeorge gonna say I done a bad thing. He aint gonna let me tend no rabbits.Lennie is handicapped, so instead of thinking about what he has done he cares more about not being able to tend to his rabbits. Further more all he thinks about after this is what George told him to do if anything bad happenedAn he saidan obnubilate in the brush till he come.Lennie is futile to deal with any bad things which he has done, and he has to rely on Georges every word to get him out of a mess, these two factors contri bute greatly to why his life ended in tragedy. Fate could be seen to have much to do with both of the novels, firstly the definition isA force that predetermines eventsIn both novels fate played its part, for instance if Henchard had not kept Farfrae in Casterbridge, but let him go to America, would Henchard have failed so badly, or at all. This rivalry is a key part of the novel. If Curleys wife had not gone to see Lennie in the barn that day, she would have lived. If Elizabeth Jane had not bumped into Lucetta, would the relationship with Henchard have occurred? II believe that we can put all these happenings down to the responsibility of the individual. for example if George had been more responsible for Lennie, then he would have been there when Curleys wife went to see Lennie, and stopped any danger. I will repeat my previous avouchment in saying that the writing style suggests that only The Mayor Of Casterbridge contained a fate, I believe that Of Mice and Men purely contained dramatic irony. When Henchard made Farfrae stay in Casterbridge, he helped the town out of the crisis they were in. Henchard just made the mistake of thinking he was above Farfrae as the Mayor, but as it shows the mob rules, and the townspeople over through Henchard for the better businessman.In conclusion both novels show us two characters with dreams and hopes, which are in the end unfulfilled, but they go about endeavour for these dreams, because of many reasons, in very different ways. Of Mice and Men tells of the American depression and a simple migrant worker called Lennie, whose strength, mental disability, dependence on his adept and lack of ability to deal with the bad things he has done cause his life to end in Tragedy.The Mayor of Casterbridge is set in the fictional town of Casterbridge and tells of a man who worked himself out of his terrible drunkard state and made something of himself, only to in the end have lost the people he loved, become bankrupt, and died a lo nely man. I have shown how both characters contribute to their own tragedy, and how Lennie held an unrealistic dream, which he couldnt achieve, while Henchard accomplished his dream but was unable to hold onto it. Finally I believe that if fate is blamed for the characters lives, and that if everyones life is predetermined, then any responsibility is taken off the person whose life it is blaming fate is taking the easy way out and people should take responsibility for their actions.

Medical Program Application Essay

As the terminal of my high school instruction draws near. I contemplate what I allow make with my hereafter. I have ever so been told to make what you enjoy and make a populating out of it. Four old ages ago. I set out with this spot of advice. seeking to happen out what it is I like to make. After take parting in clinical instruction in different health concern scenes. I realized that my involvements lay in nursing.My short-run calling ends consist of successfully go throughing the certified nurse helper province exam this May. and through on-line preparation. going a affected role attention technician. Follo encourageg. I will acquire a parttime place as a patient attention technician in one of Texas Health Resources competitory infirmaries fleck deriving an associates grade in nursing at a local and low-cost college. such as Tarrant County College. While obtaining a bachelor-at-armss grade in nursing. I will go on to work as a nurse in the surgical intensive attention unit to develop my accomplishments necessary to accomplish my long-run ends. I will develop my apprehension of how to use proficient. theoretical. and academic cognition to practical jobs. I will besides trust to construct a networking relationship across Texas Health Resources organisation of wellness attention professionals. Because I am paying for my college instruction on my ain. acquiring my nursing grade at a community college is my lone option. though my long-run ends are non restrained by this circumstance.My ultimate end is to go a certified registered nurse anesthesiologist and go on to be employed in one of Texas Health Resources advanced infirmaries. To accomplish this end I will derive experience by working as a nurse and I hope to foster my instruction at one of Texas croak accredited nurse anaesthesia plans such as the 1s at Texas Christian University. Baylor University. or University of Texas at Houston Health Science Center. With this masters grade under(a) my belt. I will go through the needed province tests. and obtain my end as a certified registered nurse anesthesiologist. I will be able to mentor and develop fellow coworkers and get marketable. managerial and proficient accomplishments necessary to boom in tomorrows wellness attention industry. link my schools HOSA club early in high school sparked this aspiration to be a nurse. This nine educates striplings about the different places in the wellness attention field. including nursing. I am interested in a nursing calling because nursing is a profession of unity and compassion that affects and touches other tribes lives. It is a privilege that measures out my values as a human being.I feel that I am the right individual for the young Prodigy Program because of my past experiences. my personality. and my work ethic. The nursing adjunct category I am enrolled in is learning me wellness attention criterions and outlooks so I will hold an instruction that exceeds the outlooks of this plan. I am reliable. a difficult worker. a squad participant. and a fast scholar. By giving me the privilege to win in the Youth Prodigy Program. you will be deriving an employee that will better and promote the Texas Health Resources infirmary system.

Highway Transportation System

AimsName the 3 parts of the main pass transit system. Explain how and by whom the main road transit system is regulated. Describe 5 ways that you stool cut down hazard when utilizing the main road transit system. Describe the 3 effects your emotions can hold on your drive. Describe 6 ways to command the effects your emotions whitethorn hold on your drive. Identify and depict the aim of regulatory marks. Describe the actions to take at regulative marks. Identify the intent of warning marks. Describe how to react to warning marks. Identify the processs that be regulated by administrative Torahs. Describe how to follow with administrative Torahs.ProcedureRead Chapters 1, 3, 5, and 6.Take notes on the of instant things you learned in these chapters listed supra.Take particular notes on added information you think is pretty of import.cReview the quaternary chapters subsequently.Notes on New InformationAssessing & A Managing Risk ( Pg. 5 )HTS means main road transit system. Engine ers must be after the path of a main road, the building on Bridgess along the path, issue and entryway inclines, where traffic marks are change of location to be located, and anything else refering to the main road. About 4 million stat mis of roadways marry the provinces, counties, metropoliss, and towns of the U.S. Some people n eertheless behave in an insecure or irresponsible mode. They drive recklessly, transverse streets without looking, and weave their motorcycles through heavy traffic.Knowing Yourself ( Pg. 39 )Aggressive drive incidents have increased so much that there is even a term-road rage-to describe the force sometimes associated with these incidents. Let person else biff if you have a deficiency of concentration. Avoid Triping Aggressive Drive by seting your feelings aside while you drive and merely concentrate on the route, instead than what is traveling on today. Ways to command your emotions are keep a responsible attitude, avoid triping aggressive drive, and place troublesome state of affairss. You can besides be after in front, expect errors from some others, do nt drive when you re depressed, do nt give in to negative equal force per unit area, and develop yourself to ever utilize the correct processs. You must hold clear country of cardinal vision, peripheral vision, and perpendicular field of vision in order to drive without corrective lenses. Long-run sensible factors can impact your driving ability. As a younger individual, your reaction clip is likely to be faster and your sense of big bucks keener than that of an older individual.Signs, Signals, Markings ( Pg. 77 )Regulatory marks regulate or command the motion of traffic. These marks tell you and other drivers what you must hold up and what you must non make when you drive. Regulative marks are ruddy, white, black, green on white, or white on black. Most regulative marks have square, perpendicular rectangular, or flat rectangular forms. A ruddy circle with a ruddy cut on a ny of these marks means NO You can acknowledge regulative marks by their colour and form. A output mark means you must decelerate down and give manner to traffic on the intersection point or the route onto which you are unifying. Speed bound marks show the upper limit, or fastest, velocity allowed on a roadway. Driving faster than the pose velocity is illegal. Route markers are numbered roadways that crisscross the continent. White lines that are parallel to the roadway mark the lanes for traffic traveling in the same way. White arrows on the roadway place lanes from which you can drive consecutive in front or turn right or left.Rules, of the Road ( Pg. 97 ) solelyowing a licence to run a auto is a map of province authorities. Trials may be verbal, written, or computerized trials to acquire your license. States can suspend or take away(predicate) licences for a specified period of time- normally for 30-90 yearss. States can besides revoke licences or take it off for a twelvemont h or more. If your licence is revoked you can use for another licence. Make certain you ever have vehicle enrollment and insurance in your vehicle or with you at all times. All sates post velocity bounds on their roadways. These velocity bounds marks reflect the maximal velocity at which you can drive under the better(p) of conditions. For illustration, you would nt drive at the maximal allowable velocity in the center of a blizzard, but you might on a clear twenty-four hours. A fixed velocity bound is the maximal and minimal velocity that a vehicle may be driven on a peculiar roadway. Drivers may neer lawfully go a velocity lesser or greater than this fixed velocity.Particular NotesWhat you should make if you are in a hit? agree instantly.Warn others if possible.Give assistance to the injured.Try to acquire medical aid.Name the constabulary.Exchange information.Get names and references of informants.Stay at the scene.Make accident studies.See a physician.Educational MaterialsStude nt Materials notebook, 2- 3.5 Floppy Diskettes,Cadmium, pencil & A pen, reckoner, assigned text edition, and any other instructor provided stuffs.Reappraisal Chapters 1,3,5, & A 6Chapter 1 Assessing and Pull offing Risk- Whenever you walk or ride on our state s streets and roadways, you become portion of the main road transit system. It is really of import to larn how to utilize the system safely and responsibly.Lesson one The Highway Transportation System and Risk ManagementLesson two Understanding and utilize the SIPDE ProcessLesson three Understand and Using the Smith SystemLesson four The Value of Taking a Driver s Education CourseChapter 3 Knowing Yourself- Whenever you get back tooth the wheel of a vehicle, you must be certain that you are both physically and emotionally fit to drive. It s of import to acknowledge and command physical and emotional factors that might impair the drive undertaking.Lesson one Emotions Affect Your Driving great powerLesson two How Vision A ffects Your Ability to DriveLesson three Impermanent Physical Conditionss That Affect Your Ability to DriveLesson four Long-run Physical Factors That Affect Driving AbilityChapter 5 Signs, Signals, and Markings- Good drivers understand the function of communicating. The marks, signals, and markers you see on the roadway are a vital agency of communicating. It is besides really of import that you understand the messages that they communicate.Lesson one Understanding Regulatory and Warning SignsLesson two Guide and International SignsLesson three Understanding the point of Pavement MarkingsLesson four Reacting to Traffic Control SignalsChapter 6 Rules of the Road- Drivers belong to the society of roadway users. In a smoothly running society, members agree to follow the regulations. It is of import that you learn the regulations of the route in order to be a responsible member of the roadway community.Lesson one Each State Has Administrative LawsLesson two Right-of-Way Rules are Ess entialLesson three Speed Limits Help in Reducing HazardLesson four If You Are Involved in a Collision

Brazil Employees Expectations Essay

In Brazil the maximum figure outing hours per week atomic number 18 usually 40 to 44 hours, depending upon whether the employee naturalises 5 or 6 days a week. The Brazilian Labour Law prescribes an annual vacation of 30 days which should be taken all at once or divided in two parts (one half essential be of at least 20 days). Brazilian moulders are legal for full- duration employment already at the age of 14 but there are certain protective regulations covering adolescents aged 14 to 18. Brazilian labour unionsThere are several thousand unions and umbrella organisations in Brazil which are supposed to support full-time workers. The Brazilian Trade colligation Federation (Central Unica dos Trabalhadores) has made protection of employees and health policies one of its top priorities. Yet as most employees in Brazil work without an official work contract they have no access to the support of a labour union.Link http//www.justlanded.com/english/Brazil/Brazil-Guide/Jobs/Working-i n-BrazilEmployment Agreements Since labor laws are statutory in nature, labor contracts must fit squarely within their narrow parameters. Employment contracts cannot deviate from the law in any way that waives, releases, or circumvents a workers rights. Some employers get creative and choose to frame the relationship as that of an independent contractor, rather than an employee. However, structuring the relationship in that manner has little consummation if a Labor court finds that the independent contractor was in fact performing activities of an employee as legally defined.Courts will consider variables such as work hours, place of work, subjectivity to the employers administrative rules, reporting requirements, and compensation, among others, in determining whether the individual is indeed an independent contractor or in fact an employee. regrettably for companies, courts tend to favor protecting the employee and usually grant whatever statutory benefit for which the individual has petitioned. Employee Wages and HoursAfter your company has established the type of relationship that it will have with the individual, it must comply with strict labor requirements. In Brazil, the minimum wage (salrio mnimo) is currently set by the federal political relation at R$545.00 per month, although some regions may require a minimum that exceeds this baseline. Accompanying the minimum wage is the concept of the workday, or jornada, defined as the time the employee is available to the employer, whether performing his function or not. A workday cannot exceed eight (8) hours per day and 44 hours a week. Employees whose working hours exceed the maximum hours of work prescribed by law earn overtime, one of the major sources of labor litigation.Generally, the employee will earn time and a half for overtime hours worked. However, if overtime is get on weekends and holidays, then the employee will earn two times the regularly earned wage. Employees working on commission are tr eated no differently, and are entitled to either double or time and a half commissions for all overtime hours worked. The legal workday varies depending on the industry involved. For example, bank workers, recollect operators, and doctors enjoy shorter workdays. Shift workers are also subject to different standards. If an employee works any one shift (morning, afternoon, or night) on any given week, his or her shift must be limited to six (6) hours. Employee BenefitsBrazilian employees enjoy many benefits. For example, Brazilian law calls for a thirteenth net income (dcimo terceiro), accession 30 days of vacation time that all employees earn at the end of each year. Disbursement of at least half of the thirteenth salary must be made by November, or in the month when the employee takes vacation, if he or she has solicited the thirteenth salary in January. The last portion must be paid by December 20. Employers must also comply with social donations and the FGTS (Fundo de Garantia por Tempo de Servio, or Guarantee Fund for Time of Service). twain regular earnings and the thirteenth salary are subject to the FGTS, which corresponds to an eight (8) percent withholding of the monthly salary plus 0.5 percent of social contribution by the employer. This fund provides financial support in certain employment termination situations. The federal government administers the fund through mandatory deposits in accounts receptive by the employer for the employees benefit with the Caixa Econmica Federal (one of the largest government-owned banks).

Coca cola marketing research Essay

The coca plant- gage company was established back in 1886 and it is most famous of creating the soft drink coca plant gage. Based on a global brand study, coca plant dummy was the worlds most valuable brand in 2011. Though, adept equal every(prenominal) those old and well developed brands, coca Cola is facing aging problem, a disconnection with the lateer generation and it analyzems like batch be not picking up coca cola as a trendy drink and a sign of coolness anymore as at that place are so many other drinks available in the market nowaday. In rewrite to make the brands image younger, coca Cola started a fight back back in 2011 called package a Coke, internally known as Project Connect. It is a worldwide front that started with their Australia team and in 2014 the campaign has finally reached Hong Kong. There are two objectives for this campaign, to move the attention of the younger generation and to make them feel like Coca Cola is still a trendy and cool thing to be prattleing about and another communication objective for the campaign is authentically just to ingest every integrity to talk about Coca Cola again, both in the real and virtual world.As mentioned, Coca cola is trying to get collecting with young people again and to make Coca Cola the cool thing to be talking about among people, so the get audience of the campaign is young adults focusing on demographic of 18 25 years old, who is health consumers, affluent and really is the current and future major stakeholders for the brand. In order to bring people together to parcel of land a Coke, Coca Cola swapped out Cokes classic label on bottles and terminates with two hundred of Hong Kongs most popular chip names, like (queen), Gag (joke maker), Buddy, (fans), (expert), (goddess), (god) or common names like Yan, Wah, Lee, Fung and Ming or phases like devolve you, love you, Oh Dear, Cheer up and Im yours etc.This is one of the st stridegy that Coca Cola came out to bring t ogether to talk about Coca Cola again, a new concept that Coke came up and wants to promote is Shareability. Coca Cola understands the best way to connect people is to have something they can share or even can send it as a gift to their friends and relatives. Moreover, If you cant vex a nick name, common names nor phases that best represent you or your love one? No worries, Coca Cola had framed a web page for customers to go online and defecate a virtual bottle to share it on social media (e.x. facebook, Instagram and Twitteretc) with their friends and family. Coca Cola would never missed a single person who is enkindle in Share a Coke out.In other countries, such as the U.S. and U.K., customers with less common names (or basically if you cant find what you are looking for), they are able to get a mini can customized with their name on it at one of their pop up stops. Because of Hong Kong weart have the similar promotion, people are startle to sell the service of helping peopl e to order personalized cans and bottles in the U.K. This similarly helped Coca Cola Hong Kong to create the basic foundation of pull strategy as supply was super limited and it I very time consuming to get down the products from overseas to Hong Kong making the products very hard to get.Another advantage of the success of the Share a Coke campaign overseas is that it offered the Hong Kong campaign a word-of-mouth (WOM) communication and WOM plays an important role as a communications tool in modern selling. As Kotler (2009) indicates that if an organization can develop a marketing program to harness andaccelerate the use of personal recommendation effectively, the more likely it will be that the marketing program will be successful. This also acted as a demand-created pull strategy, as overseas people were gifting that to people who are living in Hong Kong and Hong Kong people were soon demanding to see this unique modal value of Coca Cola cans in Hong Kong. As soon as people got hold with a can of the personalized Coca Cola, they will share it on Instagram to show people how cool they are.Indeed, in Hong Kong, before the official campaign launched, Coke partnered with Volkswagen and sent personalized Coke can in a catch box to younger generation celebrities like Charlene Choi, Gillian Chung, Shiga Lin and PakHo Chauetc. On the cover of that fancy white box, Coca Cola encouraged celebrities to create a location on Instagram with hashtag shoareacokehk and cocacolahk. This encouragement of sharing those Share a coke cans on Instagram or Facebook created another pull strategy which would eventually catching the suppliers attention to interrogative sentence to Coca Cola about those unique cans as celebrities are always the focus point for people to follow where the trend is.After this massive breakthrough, Share a coke cans and bottles were then secretly (without any proper announcement sent to convenience stores like 711, OK andsupermarket likes Wellcome and ParknShop. As soon as they were in stock, people started to treasure hunt to trying to share a coke with their love one and to post it on social platforms, mainly on Instagram and Facebook. * control below images as examples.In a situation like this, the push strategy will play its part in meeting the objectives for this campaign which is allow the supplier know the demand for this product which is created by celebrities influences, social media powers and later advertising. Finally persuading retailers to both stock the product and to actively promote the Share a coke cans to their customers and finally making the product more accessible. Ever since Coca Cola started to encourage people to Share a coke, people have been uploading Instagram and Facebook posts on a regular basis. This is a creative way to make use of the profile strategy as numerous posts will be updated on Instagram everyday automatically under hashtag shareacokehk and cocacolahk and keeping stakeholders/audie nces up to date with campaign information and the official Coca Cola Instagram would also share peoples Share a coke mument.This tactic is personify effective for Coca Cola (saved money on hiring a spoke person as many celebrities have automatically became a spoke person the moment they shared their personalized Coca Cola), it created a free of charge profile strategy as fans or lay people will soon follow what celebrities are doing and share a coke with their name on social media platform. This Share a Coke wave has caught medias attention as bloggers and magazines were reporting this. Therefore, at a later time, personalized cans were also sent to famous bloggers, magazine editors and picky for those who have a high number of followers/fan base on Instagram.In order to officially announce and position Coca Cola in the minds of consumers with a view to differentiation and to inform prospective customers about the Share a Coke campaign, Coca Cola then started to advertise on trad itional platform. It aired a television commercial on one of the biggest television channels in Hong Kong-TVB, pointing out the various nickname that people can find to mix and match them. Advertising on national television offer mass coverage, flexible format and uses sight, movement and soundwhich fit in with the young adult demographic as things like that will attract their attention. They have also created posters telling people to share a coke with their mom and dad to emphasize the objective of this campaign- shareability of the product, to make people talking about Coca Cola again.Coca Cola also rented several outdoors places at causeway bay (e.x. Sogo), creating a venting machine like billboard starting Share a coke with the person next to you, Share Coca Cola, Share happiness and putting all the available names on there for making potential customers aware of the offering. Advertising outdoor creates a effective coverage as a support medium and as the location (Sogo, Cause way bay) is where all the young adults go, it creates a perfect interesting background for young adult to take a picture and share it on Instagram as it is not so easy to spot such a large casing Coca Cola machine in your daily life. *See below images as examples.Ogilvy & Mather (the advertising agency behind all these) had also found Jonathan Mak (who editing the Apple logo in remembrance of Steve Jobs) to design a poster inspired by Share a Coke to advertise this campaign. You can see attached, to depict two hands sharing a Coke. This poster has served as something unique, young and trendy to matches with the target audience of the campaign.Evaluation of intensity level should be cogitate to the campaign objectives and the particular tools chosen, e.g. advertising could be post-testing, tracking studies, likeability or enquiry tests. Particular market research techniques using qualitative or valued methods should be proposed, e.g. focus groups, surveys.A researcher quote in Wi lson (2006 p.29) suggests that, The proposal is the most important part of the whole research project. Before we prize the enduringness of the tools use, let me restate the objective of this campaign again, which is to reconnect with young adults and just have people talking about Coca Cola again. In order to evaluate whether or not the television commercial tool is effective or not, I would use likeability testas to researching to what degree people enjoyed the advertisement and really feel like they have connect with the Share a coke campaign. I propose using quantitative research which is described by Wilson (2006) as a structured approach producing quantifiable data for statistical analysis, gathered from a populationsample or census.I propose that we will create a 5 questions questionnaire asking a combination of descriptive and casual questions like What do you feel about Coca Colas Share a Coke campaign, Have you watch the TV commercial about Share a coke, Would you conside r drinking Coca Cola as a trendy thing after watching the commercial ?, How do you feel about the Share a Coke concept and do you think the commercial has stated what we are trying to offer?, have you shared a coke with anyone after watching the commercial. I suggest using Facebook as the platform to pass on the questionnaire to random audience that is within the demographic that we are aiming at as it is the most convenient and cost effective way because on Facebook you can set your target audience age to your desired one. Two identical questionnaires should be sent out to the analogous group of people who are aged between 18-25 across the campaign period to see if the audience has any perception changes over time.We could also get from the data whether or not we are reaching the right target auidences and whether or not this advertisement is doing what we want it to do. The second tool that we are dismission to evaluate is Instagram as Coca Cola has created its own hashtag for t he campaign shareacokehk and cocacolahk and as our target audience is young adults, Instagram has been a major communication tools for the demographic. Also, Coca Cola has been posting all updates on its official Instagram page and this should be where we get all the noises from as Coca Cola has posted on all its advertising communication tools to share it on Instagram. Morevoer, Coca Cola has emphasized shareability over this campaign so the effective use of Instagram is notwithstanding one of the most important evaluation to do. Using Observation research to collect quantitative data would be a good way to analysis the authorization of this heavily used tool.I suggest for a consecutive of 30 days, researchers to go through around 100 potential hashtags posting on Instagram, starting with the two official hashtags shareacokehk, cocacolahk, cokehk, ilovecokethen following any potential hashtags such as phases on cansetc. Researchers will record daily change rate of each hashtag sea rch, we can then compare shareability of each hashtags. We can also record likes from each post and see which personalized cans/bottles grabs the most attention. From the evaluation of the effectiveness of Instagram, we can increase shareability of the campaign (as, again its one of the major goal to get people talking about Coca Cola again). With the quantitative data that we got from this research, we can perhaps conduct more hashtags that people are likely to use and also we could use those information to amend or add in names that are in popular demands to keep the idea fresh.We could also see whether or not we are hitting on our target audiences. In Conclusion, the Share a Coke campaign is a clever idea. It is further proof how something so simple can still create a lot of buzz on the internet and in social settings. This Share a Coke campaign has fully fulfilled Fill (2006)s description of marketing communications. A management emergence through which an organization seeks to engage with its various audiences. To accomplish this, the organization develops, presents and evaluates a series of messages which it sends to and receives from its different audiences. The objective of this process is to position the organization and its offering in the minds of particular audiences and in doing so encourage thedevelopment of relationships that are of mutual value. Coca Cola has proven to us that with the right marketing communication tools, an aging brand can sure be made younger again and reconnect with the younger generation. Have you Share a Coke with your loved one today?Referencehttp//www.coca-colajourney.com.au/stories/local-idea-goes-global-share-a-cokeTCCC http//www.sor9y.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Screen-Shot-2014-08-24-at-2.06.38am.png http//www.milk.com.hk/content/coca-cola-share-coke-hong-kong-ed http//www.icoke.hkhttp//www.sor9y.com/2014/08/24/share-a-coke-name-combinations/ http//rudileung.com/tag/share-a-coke

Introduction to Issues in Literature and Culture Essay

Course Description and ObjectivesThis course critically examines various literary themes in twentieth and early twenty first century novels, plays and poetry. These texts argon fictionalized representations of circumstances in which fear, ignorance, and misunderstanding confound shaped our sense of modern history and contemporary culture. They give voice and offer claims of identity to those in company who have traditionally remained socially and often economically marginalized, mostly women, the poor, and people of colour. You also provide learn the methods of developing an effective thesis and supporting depict for a literary analysis essay.Required TextsAchebe, Chinua. Things Fall isolated.Choy, Wayson. The Jade PeonyHeadrick, Paul. A Method for Writing adjudicates about Literature Yousafzai, Malala. I Am Malala.Douglas, Frederick. annals of the LifeSteinbeck, John. Of Mice and MenCourse Notes for ENGL 101Important Notes about the course literature and class weekly reading questions will be posted on the weekly Outline section of Moodle on FICs website, http//learning.fraseric.ca. This material essential be reviewed before coming to class. You must log in using your FIC username and password. judgement15% Reading Quizzes10%Proposal and First Draft of literary Analysis Essay (1250-1500 words) 20%Revised Draft of Literary Analysis Essay20%Mid-Term Exam25%Final Exam10%Attendance and ParticipationGrading Scale//A+ = 95-100%A = 90-94%A- = 85-89%B+ = 80-84%B = 75-79%B- = 70-74%C+ = 65-69%C = 60-64%C- = 55-59%D = 50-54%F = 0-49%Reading QuizzesCompleting all assigned reading is essential to being successful in the course. There will be a all of a sudden reading quiz after the completion of certain works of literature. These quizzes will be straightforward for students who have completed the reading assignments and have participated in class activities and discussions. Missed quizzes cannot be made up.Essay Proposals and OutlinesAn essay proposal outline mu st be submitted before essays are due. These proposals, about cardinal page in length, should summarize the stance of your essay, and present a detailed outline of the essays structure (details TBA). Feedback will be offered to help ascertain successful completion of the essays.EssaysMuch of your grade depends on the successful completion of your literary analysis papers, which should be original scholarly interpretations of the assigned literature. All essays must be typed, using correct English grammar and MLA format. E-mail submissions of essays will not be accepted unless they are prearranged with the instructor, and a printed copy also must be submitted at the next class meeting. Late essays may be marked down by at least wizard letter grade. Essays more than one week late may not be accepted. You will be given extensive comments on your first draft of your essays and essay proposals, and you are evaluate to incorporate the instructors feedback into your final drafts.ExamsT he mid-term and final exams for this course will be administered in class and will consist of short questions, passage analyses, and short essays. You will be given more information about these exams throughout the semester.Attendance and ParticipationYou are expected to attend all class meetings. You will spend a great deal of the class in response groups or work teams with peers, and the absence of one member can make pass off on projects difficult. A number of activities conducted in response groups must be submitted as homework. Attendance records will be kept students are required to exercise at least an 80% attendance rate. If you fail to attend class in the first week of the semester, this will count as a prototype absence on your participation grade.Plagiarism and Academic HonestyThe ideas put into your written assignments must be your own. The ideas of others must be documented in MLA style. plagiarise work will be failed and can even result in an F for the entire cours e. Issue of plagiarism and pedantic honesty as advantageously as methods of MLA documentation will be covered during the early weeks of the semester.Academic AdvisingFIC provides academic advising to all students, free of charge. FIC runs study skills tutorials and peer review to help students lead more effective writers, from planning and organizing a paper, to writing and proofreading it. These tutorials and reviews are a valuable resource for any student, and you are encouraged to attend these sessions. Scheduling for academic advice and weekly peer tutoring will be posted on the FIC student portal during the first two weeks of the semester.Class Schedule (subject to change)Week One Tues, may 6/ Thurs, May 8Course IntroductionRead Begin Jade PeonyRead Method For, Chapt.1Week Two Tues, May 13/ Thurs, May 15Read Continue Jade PeonyRead Method For Writing, Chapt. 2Week Three Tues, May 20/ Thurs, May 22Read Complete Jade PeonyRead Begin The Narrative (Douglas)Read Method For Writ ing, Chapt. 3 (pp. 27-33 and 40-43) Sample Essay 1 (p.98-100) Week quadruplet Tues, May 27/ Thurs, May 29Read Continue The NarrativeRead Method For Writing, Chapt. 4Sample Essay 2 (pp.106.109)Week five Tues, June 3/ Thurs, June 5Read Complete The NarrativeWeek Six Tues, June 10 / Thurs, June 12Read Begin I Am MalalaPlan for Literary Analysis Essay dueWeek Seven Tues, June 17 Thurs, June 19Read Continue I Am MalalaMid-Term ExamWeek Eight Tues, June 24/ Thurs, June 26Read Complete I Am MalalaFirst draft of Literary Analysis Essay dueWeek Nine Tues, July 1 / Thurs, July 3Read Begin Of MiceWeek Ten Tues, July 8/ Thurs, July 10Read Complete Of MiceWeek Eleven Tues, July 15/ Thurs, July 17Read Things Fall ApartWeek Twelve Tues, July 22/ Thurs, July 24Read Continue Things Fall ApartRevised draft of Literary Analysis Essay dueWeek Thirteen Tues, July 29 /Thurs, July 31Read Complete Things Fall ApartCourse ReviewFinal Exam (date TBA)

A Choice We Make through a Decision of Our Will

We cannot let the worlds wounds destroy our spirits. We cannot let our hurts and betrayals destroy our capacity for growth and caring. That there will be judiciousness and, perhaps, Justice, is necessary. That the violence be confronted and, if possible, contained is essential. But, most important is our capacity to nurture a loving heart, to affirm and not to curse, to absolve even when we cannot completely forget. Glenn H. Turner close to Questions to ask How do you respond when you are wounded? How do you know toward the person who has hurt you?How long do you carry your anger and how does that re-sentment ( tonicitying it again and again) sustain to hurt you? Can you forgive and break the cycle? Can you under accept the other? What does forgiveness mean to you? It is not uncommon for Christians to have questions about forgiveness. blessing does not come easy for most of us. Our natural instinct is to recoil in self-protection when weve been injured. We dont naturally overf low with mercy, grace and forgiveness when weve been wronged Is forgiveness a conscious choice, a physical ct involving the will, or is it a feeling, an emotional evidence of being?The sacred scripture offers insight and answers to these and legion(predicate) more questions about forgiveness. Well make out a look at the most frequently asked questions and find out what the Bible says about forgiveness. Is forgiveness a conscious choice, or an emotional put forward? I believe forgiveness is a choice we make through a decision of our will, motivated by obedience to beau ideal and his command to forgive. The Bible instructs us to forgive as the manufacturer forgave us Colossians 313 Bear with each other and forgive whatever grievances you may have against unrivalled nother.Forgive as the Lord forgave you. (NIV) How do we forgive when we dont feel like it? How do we translate the decision to forgive into a change of heart? We forgive by faith, out of obedience. Since forgiveness goes against our nature, we must forgive by faith, whether we feel like it or not. We must trust God to do the work in us that needs to be done so that the forgiveness will be complete. I believe God honors our commitment to obey Him and our desire to please him when we subscribe to to forgive. He completes the work in his time.We must continue to forgive (our Job), by faith, until the work of forgiveness (the Lords Job), is done in our hearts. Philippians 16 And I am certain that God, who began the good work within you, will continue his work until it is finally finished on the day when Christ Jesus returns. (NLT) How will we complete if we have truly forgiven? Lewis B. Smedes wrote in his book, Forgive and Forget, When you release the wrongdoer from the wrong, you cut a malignant tumor out of your inner life. You set a prisoner free, but you discover that the real prisoner was yourself. ? More Forgiveness Quotes that comes as a result. We are the ones who suffer most when we ch oose not to forgive. When we do forgive, the Lord sets our hearts free from the anger, bitterness, resentment and hurt that previously imprisoned us. Most times, however, forgiveness is a slow process. Matthew 1821-22 Then Peter came to Jesus and asked, Lord, how many times shall I forgive my brother when he sins against me? Up to seven times? Jesus answered, l tell you, not seven times, but lxxvii times. (NIV) This answer by Jesus makes it clear that orgiveness is not easy for us.Its not a one-time choice and then we automatically live in a state of forgiveness. Forgiveness may require a lifetime of forgiving, but it is important to the Lord. We must continue forgiving until the matter is settled in our heart. Is it okay to feel anger and want Justice for the person we need to forgive? This question presents another reason to pray for the person we need to forgive. We can pray for God to deal with the injustices, for God to Judge the persons life, and then we can leave that prayer at the altar. We no longer have to carry the anger.Although it is normal for us to feel anger toward sin and injustice, it is not our Job to judge the other person in their sin. Luke 637 Do not Judge, and you will not be Judged. Do not condemn, and you will not be condemned. Forgive, and you will be forgiven. (NIV) Why must we forgive? The best reason to forgive is because Jesus commanded us to forgive. We learn from Scripture, if we dont forgive, neither will we be forgiven Matthew 614-16 For if you forgive men when they sin against you, your heavenly Father will also orgive you.But if you do not forgive men their sins, your Father will not forgive your sins. (NIV) We also forgive so that our prayers will not be hindered Mark 1125 And when you stand praying, if you hold anything against anyone, forgive him, so that your Father in heaven may forgive you your sins. (NIV) In summary and in closing, we forgive out of obedience to the Lord. It is a choice, a decision we make. However, as we do this forgiving, we discover the command is in place for our own good, and we receive the reward of our forgivenessfreedom.

How Fair British Education for All

HOW FAIR BRITISH EDUCATION FOR ALL This raise will analyse how didactics system helps to maintain class variation in contemporary Britain. In Britain, a good quality of public education service has been promised for wholly children regardless of ethnicity, race or income. Unfortunately, School League Table and recent surveys show opposite. In 1944, the government passed Education Act which allowed all children to receive secondary education.Children would be selected by ability for different types of school through an IQ trial run called the 11+ (in Scotland, the qualifying exam). Between 1964 and 1974, all secondaries re-organised into comprehensive schools instead of IQ test selection. In like a shots Britain, there atomic number 18 state (92%) and hole-and-corner(a) (8%) schools with level of primary, secondary and tertiary. Vocational or non-vocational programme is being used and leaving school age is 16 since 1972.Universities continue to grow and now 40% of 18 year old s go onto university whereas in 1960s it was 5% of school leavers. Although the vast majority (80%) of private school pupils go into the university, almost 40% of state school pupils go into the further education. This shows that class inequality exists in British education system. All sociologists accept that education is important in society as people receive 15000 hours of compulsory education. However, they arrive at different opinions about the role of education in society.The brain of the functionalist ideology, Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) argued that education is an agent of secondary socialisation which transmits norms, values and roles (value consensus) and acts as a bridge between family and the unharmed social system. He affirms pupils should gather themselves as situation of a nation by learning of veritable(a) subjects which can establish a common political identity for social solidarity, i. e. history, so pupils can find out similarities between themselves and t he past society.American sociologist, Talcott Parsons (1903-1979) developed Durkheims ideas. He argues that everybody has the same chance to succeed, therefore pupils who atomic number 18 most successful in schools due to their effort and ability and different talents ar fitted into appropriate jobs. This is cognise as meritocracy. People also learn skills required by modern industrial society in order to keep nation efficient and allow people earn a living. These skills may be general skills much(prenominal) as literacy and numeracy or specific skills required by particular occupations.The weakness of functionalism is no explanation for how all schools, including religious and fee-paying schools, can transmit a common value system turn there argon many individuals with different values. They assume the education system establish fair standards for everyone so pupils can achieve their status in society. This meritocratic approach cannot be true if private and grammar schools ar e considered as private schools have advantage to state schools. 40% gap of entering higher education between middle class and working class children shows the reality.The other strong ideology is Marxism. The founder, Karl Marx (1818-1883), assumes that education is part of society that is vital for the ruling class (bourgeoisie) to exploit the working class (proletariat). French Marxist philosopher, Louis capital of South Dakota Al thenser (1918-1990) argues that education system tells people what to believe and how to achieve it which creates false consciousness known as ideologic State Apparatus (ISA). The system also legitimates inequality. Meritocracy and hidden curriculum makes people believe that individual differences are the reasons for success and failure.In addition, Bowles & Gintis suggest that education system produces a workforce with the skills and attitudes required by employers, thus ensuring that profits continue to be made for the ruling class. They also insist t here is a digit of success or failure related to social factors such as class, ethnicity and selection does not turn over on basis of ability. Although Marxism provides strong ideas, it has some weak points such as not telling how teachers are tools of the system and showing pupils as passive. It does not explain how the bourgeoisie control the system for their own benefits.Functionalists be cultural deprivation to explain working class underachievement. It means children who lack the basic cultural norms, values, verbiage and skills that comm only(prenominal) shared by most other members of society. As Basil Bernstein states that working class families turn to in restricted code which means smaller vocabulary, less adjectives and adverbs, information is short with no detail or additional explanations, while middle class families speak in elaborated code, with more effective communication.Therefore working class pupils have limited skills required by education such as describ ing, analysing and comparing whereas middle class pupils have enough mental stimulation which is crucial as teachers use elaborated code. Hart & Risley supported this thesis by saying a professionals child knows more words than a working class familys child and likely to be more successful in school. However, it fails to consider material deprivation and structural inequalities, the organisation of school and teachers expectations.Nell Keddie states that working class socialisation is different not deficient. Blackstone and Mortimore (1994) argue that working class families have no less interest in their childrens education. Paul Willis tries to answer criticism of Marxism and shows that there is no meritocracy in a capitalist society in his study called Learning to Labour. The lads (12 pupils) had their own counter-school culture which was opposed to the values espoused by the school. The lads felt superior both to the teacher and to conformist pupils.They can see through the ideo logical smokescreen which means they are aware of capitalistic society is not meritocratic and they will end up having low-paid jobs so there is no need to gain qualifications. Although they believe study is a sense of adulthood/manhood, they still have the same attitude the lack of respect for chest and having a laff. Therefore education can have unintended consequences on pupils which may not be completely beneficial to capitalism.Despite the significant findings, this study has a small-scale view as it includes only 12 boys and is gender biased so it is difficult to generalise the findings. Functionalists and Marxists try to address the problem differently, further none of them have satisfying explanations. Functionalists see the education system as providing a positive educational experience which benefits the children and society. They blame working class families or culture for the poor results of working class children. Whereas, Marxists claim that the system oppresses and harms people, and that it only benefits the powerful.Both of them ignore gender, ethnicity and labelling (Stephen Ball) which develops self-fulfilling prophecy (Rosenthal & Jacobson) means when people treat you as if you had certain attributes, you start acting that way. All these studies and recent surveys show that there is a class inequality in Britain and education system maintains it. The Sutton Trust suggests a solution secondary schools should be more balanced and disfavor youngsters should be attained in order to be in better position. Tevhide Turkmen

How to Play Basketball Essay

In order to operate basket goon, you need genius basketball and two basketball hoops on opposite ends of the court of law. The hoops should be ten feet high. In an original game, you should form two team ups of five individuals apiece would be the requirements. If a court just so happens to be full or fewer operateers atomic number 18 available, a game with one hoop can be played using alternate rules. The object is for you to score more baskets than your opponent. You should play a typical game for sixty minutes with four fifteen-minute periods, but you really can examine the length yourself. For you to start the game, the wo teams you formed, line up around the two centers.Each of your players matches up against another base on height and skill to make it fair. The referee throws the ball straight up and the two of you who are playing the position center, jump up to gain possession. The goal for you is to tip the ball to your teammates to gain possession. come back Basketb all is much as an offensive game as defensive game. When you have the ball, all of the members of your team are on shame. On offense you are trying to score points by shooting the ball into the opposing teams basket.Each basket your team scores is worth two points. Baskets scored extraneous the three-point line (an arc-shaped line beyond the free throw line) are worth three points. On offense you need to advance the ball, you can advance the ball in two ways by transeunt and dribbling. First Dribbling, you need to take the ball and bounce it on the floor in a perpetual motion. This is the process of dribbling. You can move your feet and body in any direction as long as you are dribbling but if you move in any direction without dribbling the ball accordingly that is a violation. The goal for your team on offense is

Hovey & Beard Co. Essay

translationHovey and face fungus Company is a manufacturing industry in which specializes in a wide array of woody toys and things of the like. The sue begins in the wood room where toys are manufactured and transformed through a cut, sand, and partial derivative assembly process. Toys are indeed dipped into shellac (varnish) and sent to the painting room. Painting was always stainless by hand for many years until demand increase became too much. The painting operation was change so that the painters sat in an assembly line where they would take toys off of hooks and spray them to then place them posterior on the hook for drying. The speed of the hook line was designed so that separately trained painter would wear enough time to grab a toy, spray it, and hang it back up before the next one arrived. With change in development came change in benefits. Painters were accepting(a) on a assemblage indemnity plan and would receive a learning bonus for nurture hours that woul d closeic e very last(predicate)y decrease in sum each month.The six month learning period was position in place to vanish after said time when all employees were expected to be well-provided with the new system that is, able to meet production standard and earn a group bonus when exceeded. After two months of training, it seemed to show that painters were learning more slowly than anticipated and it began to look as though production would fall far below what was planned. Many hooks were going by empty and painters complained that the process wasnt ricking well resulting in job replacements. Complicating the learning process further, one painter whom the group regarded as its leader was outspoken in taking the complaints of the group. Complaints showed, the job was messy, hooks moved too agile, pay incentive was not correctly calculated, and utilisationing conditions were hot from being so close to the dryer. Overall, employees became increasingly disheartened, esprit de cor ps was low, and they felt as thoughthey wouldnt be able to reach their bonus payments and work was meaningless.diagnosingHovey and Beard Co. has a list of issues due to values, or lack there of, pertaining mainly to employee emotions. Employees were unmotivated to work due to lack of communication with the management during the time of operation and manufacturing changes. Painters had gone from consistent pay doing something they were all very highly skilled at to being dropped to training for a new system of work that was uncomfortable and un honest due to compensation and working conditions. This all lead further to a low vanity in the workers and a whittled self-worth or wealth. motion no longer reflected personal achievement that a group evaluation which was unfair for certain workers. Without achievement and without reward, there is nothing to work for. The painters disheartened would pose rather quit than continue to work unhappily doing something they once enjoyed.Work wa s once flexible and in effect(p) for the painters but due to lack of take note was now focused only on the goals of the company. The learning period is when things began to show first signs of failure. Workers became disheartened when they couldnt complete the job properly after six months of training. Work was highly inefficient as hooks were being missed and toys werent being completed. The workers personal wisdom was as failures. They looked at themselves like they couldnt do their own job, decreased motivation, and increased self doubt.Hertzbergs hygiene factors are an accurate representation of this case. Hygiene factors are based on the need for a business to avoid unpleasantness at work. If these factors are considered inadequate by employees, then they can cause dissatisfaction with work. Hovey and Beards company policy along with the administration, wages, employee to employer relations, and working conditions lacked positive hygiene factors. Steady wages were not implem ented by Hovey and Beard for workers. Working conditions became miserable as the hook line was too fast and closely located to the dryer making workers flustered and uncomfortably hot. Employer management workedin a very irresponsible and unethical manner.SolutionHovey and Beard Company have many issues as we just discussed but all of which, in my opinion, can be fixed. Things began to look bright for the company when management decided to have meetings with employees and discuss what changes should be made. Through an increase in communication employee and employer relationships brighten in which trust and respect is obtained. The speed of the hooks was the center of discussion and the main cause of the emotional and value issues within the company. As we see in the case, giving the different options of hook assembly speed, production increased, employees felt motivated and emotional about work again, and steady base pay along with bonus were being met. This is where I suppose th ings were working best for Hovey and Beard Co.Solving working conditions leads to the next issue of employee authority and what positions have confirm influence in change of wages and work load. Management became flustered between the earnings of the painters and that of former(a) workers in the factory. Conflict between the superintendent and the supervisor, the engineers and the supervisor, and the superintendent and the engineers led to the superintendent revoking the learning bonus for painters and returned to the gaga painting operation. I believe a change in management needs to occur. The superintendent should be fired and the supervisor should take the position based off of better values displayed throughout the case. In addition, working conditions should go back to the controlled speed of the hooks set by workers and not engineers. This was most beneficial to the companies production rate and also to the workers well being, mental health, positive emotions, and benefits.

Marketing Strategies for Luxury Brands Essay

New harvest-times ar continuously showed into the luxury core market each year. DKNYs recent addition to the redolence market is DKNY Pure. As a contender intending to introduce a similar point of intersection into the luxury modal value shuffling aromatize market, consumer behaviour has all-important(prenominal) implications for the externalize of a successful merchandise strategy. This paper allow for outline which key factors marketers should attempt to bow in the design of a marketing strategy to introduce a red-hot luxury pock heart to the market.Through the do of product positioning, identifying purchase groups and the stigma market, extensive advertizing and operant condition marketers send away manipulate the consumer decision-making help together with internal and external influences leading to consumer leveraging behaviour. From a marketing perspective luxury fashion pits argon defined in by features much(prenominal) as exclusivity, superior price s, excellent spirit, distinctiveness, realise, placement and other aspirational characteristics (Fionda & Moore, 2009).For many consumers the purchase of luxury fashion grass odor is a high-involvement and delirious decision (Sadeghi & Tabrizi, 2011). These purchases involve the use of extended decision-making with an extensive search of internal and external schooling and a considerable evaluation of alternative products available (Quester, Pettigrew & Hawkins, 2011). An extensive advertising campaign should be employ the major marketing strategy for the introduction of a late product in the luxury perfume market as it keep be apply to manipulate and influence consumer behaviour in a number of ways.Influencing the consumer decision-making butt In order to influence the consumer decision-making process advertising rump be utilise as external stimuli in order to trigger the first stage of the consumer decision making process problem or need recognition. Advertising can influence consumer behaviour by affecting the consumers desired state or their existing state (Quester, Pettigrew & Hawkins, 2011), prompting the identification of perceived need or desire for a product.Strategic marketing campaigns such as preannouncements (for example by dint of media releases or samples) can be used to influence consumer anticipation, caution and desire or perceived need prior to the launch of a new product such as a luxury perfume (Schatzel & Calantone, 2006). By intelligence the motives which direct consumers to purchase products and the needs they are seeking to satisfy marketers can target their advertising to a greater extent utilely (Kotler et al, 2007).For luxury brand perfume advertising can be used to highlight the emotional need of the consumer focussing on their esteem needs as described by Maslows power structure of Needs (Kotler et al, 2007 Quester, Pettigrew & Hawkins, 2011). Emotional self-esteem needs can be effectively used in advertising lu xury brand perfume to women by including messages and visuals which suggest sophistication, elegance, love and confidence.Feeling and emotion significantly shapes consumer intentions for perfume with consumers visualising, imagining, estimating and assessing the perceived feelings gained from purchasing and using the product (Sadeghi & Tabrizi, 2011). Perception Marketing efforts should focus on building customers knowledge of both the brand and the product. Perception is a significant internal factor in a consumers purchase decision for luxury brand perfume. The perception process involves processing information from exposure, caution and interpretation with meanings save as memory (Kotler et al 2007).Consumer perceptions can be manipulated by means of product positioning in this font introducing a new perfumes under the familiar luxury brand image go forth position it in the high-end perfume market creating a perception that it is a similar high-end product. Identifying the desired product position allows marketers to design strategies to develop the appropriate product image for that particular target market (Quester, Pettigrew & Hawkins, 2011). Perfumes are products that are comprised of both tangible and intangible characteristics designed to satisfy consumers.Perceptions of fiber can be influenced by the tangible (intrinsic) characteristics of the product for perfume this is the bottle and the package. Through the application of beautiful and clever product design and packaging marketers can manipulate consumer perception of the perfume and its image (Sadeghi & Tabrizi, 2011). Intangible (extrinsic) characteristics such as price, stemma image or brand image also serve to influence the consumers perception of quality (Quester, Pettigrew & Hawkins, 2011).Setting higher prices for the perfume consistent with the product position and target market (Fionda & Moore, 2009) and stocking the perfume in high-end department stores are strategies that can be employed to infer quality and influence consumer perceptions of status. trade name image and brand awareness Brand leveraging strategies can be employed to capitalise on the brand equity of a familiar luxury brand by giving the brand name to a new product (Quester, Pettigrew & Hawkins, 2011).By introducing a new perfume using an established luxury fashion brand (either as a product or line extension) marketers can increase consumer recognition and credence of new products (Wu & Lo, 2009) as well as making the most of the perceived intangible benefits associated with a tyrannical brand image. A consumers positive perception of brand image of familiar luxury fashion brands has a significant effect on increasing purchase intentions of the products produced by those brands.The mental home and usage of a strong brand image can be used by marketers to reduce uncertainty close to product evaluation (or perceived purchase risk) whilst also increasing confidence in product quality (Sad eghi & Tabrizi, 2011). Consumers view brand as an important part of a product which adds perceived value to the product (Wu & Lo, 2009 Sadeghi & Tabrizi, 2011). Launching a perfume under an existing familiar brand with a positive brand image can generate competitive advantage by increasing consumers interest and attention and resulting positive evaluation of a product (Fionda & Moore, 2009).Further, consumers are identically to give greater attention to a familiar brand and to engage more effort in processing information about a product with a familiar brand name (Sadeghi & Tabrizi, 2011). Brand personality & celebrity endorsement Brand personality is a key factor in brand identity and is highly influential in the consumer decision making process as it relates to the desire to satisfy needs of self-esteem and belonging (Rajagopal, 2006).Consumers are motivated to purchase products from brands that reflect their own personality or that portrays personalities to which they aspire (Si rgy, 1982 Guthrie & Kim, 2009 Spry, Pappu & Cornwell, 2011). Celebrity endorsement is considered an effective strategy by marketers as a highly visible means of brand personality creation ((Rajagopal, 2006 Spry, Pappu & Cornwell, 2011). Endorsement by celebrities influences consumer behaviour through attracting increased attention, generating greater brand recall and recognition (Quester, Pettigrew & Hawkins, 2011 Spry, Pappu & Cornwell, 2011).doyen (1999, as cited in Spry, Pappu & Cornwell, 2011) further posits that celebrity endorsement can also influence a consumers perceptions of product quality and distinctiveness. The effectiveness of using a celebrity to endorse a product will be enhanced if there is congruence between the celebritys image, the product (and brand) personality and the self-concept of the target market (Quester, Pettigrew & Hawkins, 2011).Market research should be conducted to determine perceptions of chosen celebrities to ensure they are credible and wee-wee attributes that coincide with the target markets needs and desires (Quester, Pettigrew & Hawkins, 2011 Spry, Pappu & Cornwell, 2011). For the luxury brand perfume market such attributes should be based on attractiveness and image. Learning & operant conditioning Consumers learn about products through the knowledge and experience gained from purchase and consumption (Quester, Pettigrew & Hawkins, 2011).By understanding how consumers learn about products marketers can include information to assist and influence the consumer decision-making process. operant conditioning is highly effective marketing strategy used to influence consumer behaviour particularly in high involvement purchases such as perfume (Peter & Nord, 1982 Quester, Pettigrew & Hawkins, 2011). Operant conditioning can shape positive reinforcement for consumer purchase intention (Amor & Guilbert, 2009).By trialling, using inspector bottles and sample spray cards the product consumers are able to experience the perfume d etermine if they like the scent and if it smells good on their skin. Amor & Guilbert (2009) suggest that consumers are more likely to respond to new perfume samples than established ones. Marketers can provide free samples during related purchases to encourage product trial (Amor & Guilbert, 2009) which assists in capturing consumer attention and increasing product familiarity (Sadeghi & Tabrizi, 2011).Placing samples in high-end fashion magazines will also assist with familiarity as well as perception of quality. Using free samples as promotional tools may also assist marketers in exploitation a positive attitude toward the sampled perfume product as well as toward to the brand (Amor & Guilbert, 2009). impertinent influences A consumers purchasing behaviour is also influenced by social factors. By identifying the roles in the buy process marketers can incorporate this information in the product design and advertising message decisions (Kotler et al 2007).For womens perfume the s ame person might play several roles in the purchasing decision. The vendee will often be the initiator of the purchase, the decider who ultimately makes the purchasing decision and the user or wearer of the perfume (Kotler et al). Products such as perfume that are complementary to self-image are occasionally purchased by consumers as gifts for themselves. Marketers can target the fulfilment of self-gifting motivations by interspersing perfumes with other products such as cosmetics so that sales-staff might promote unite purchases (Mick, Demoss & Faber, 1992).Males may also be purchasers of womens perfume as gifts. Identifying this group in the buying process will enable targeted marketing through the development of gift packs around peak gift periods such as Christmas, and Valentines Day. As shown in the above discussion through the use of extensive advertising campaigns marketers can influence consumer purchase intention through stimulating emotional need or desire for the new pe rfume product as well as creating attention and awareness.Identifying and establishing the product position and the roles in the buying process will enable marketers to design and direct advertising at the desired target segments. The use of an established luxury brand to launch the product can influence consumers perceptions of quality and status of the brand and by association the perfume. Whilst credible celebrities can be used in advertising campaigns to shape or support brand personality influencing attention, increasing brand recognition and product recall as well as further addressing consumers desire for fulfilment of self-concept needs.Finally operant conditioning through the provision on free samples and testers will be used to shape consumer learning about the new product by positive reinforcement, as well as capturing consumer attention and further increasing brand awareness. By understanding the relevant influences of consumer behaviour to the new product marketers can incorporate this theory in order to manipulate the buying intentions and purchase behaviours of consumers and create a successful marketing campaign.